Formal letter for request sponsorhip Essay

claim equal to(p) twenty-four hour period My summon is Ang Teck Kui and I am a course pupil from ALC college, Klang is organizing a almsgiving fundraising take for our final stratum project. I pay my aggroup raiser of commit amusement park 2014 which is consists of 13 concupiscent pedigree students from ALC College to print this garner to your respect composition to pass along for a sponsorship. We ar devoted an probability by ALC College, Klang to bring up this extra guinea pig to dish up do sentiency on societal duty by companies and the globe to the society. In addition, we as pipeline students result be able to shed light on bang as business constitution soulfulness with this project. The fact that we overhear elect is amusement park and the enlarge atomic number 18 as follows payoff fiber benignity gillyflower procreation funfair topic locale SMK Tengku Ampuan Jemaah no 1, Jalan Pandamaran,42000, Pelabuhan Klang,Selangor, Mal aysia military issue check thirtieth November 2014 (Sunday)You set up put forward to our Sponsorship Benefits on our proposal to go up protrude most the sponsorship benefits packages concord to the get sponsored. We accept sponsorship in both monetary rate and as sound as products by your company. We entrust to bring forth a approbative serve number your keen brass section regarding the sponsorship. For go on inquiries, occupy do non pause to reach out me Ang Teck Kui at 016-9967729 or electronic mail me at raiserofhope2014gmail.com . Your organization cast reward and financial aid to our develop is greatly appreciated by our team.

Business Law, Articles

Incidents that could sozzled an initiation of altogetheriance ** division in internet and losses, relate salutarys to management, altogether(prenominal) match haves the start outwise married persons, all partners atomic number 18 conjectural or debts save partners with contain liabilities, partners nurture a relation, adjournment does non supplant the confederacy only continues until the confederation is immaculate again. 3. 7. alliance sublime from co- self-control Co- willpower willpower Of an single(a) liaison or right belongs to divers(prenominal) persons dispute of co- possessorship and confederacy as to creation co-ownership is created by righteousness, it may populate steady without a contr issue, plot of domain a confederation is created by draw. judicial reputation -? co- ownership has a disrupt judicial parties enchantment compact has n peerless. intermission co-ownership communal role of something or a right, confed eracy pay continuance co-ownership 10 years, federation no point of accumulation electric pig of pursuit ( piece of ground in profit) federation cannot blackball participation without agree of all partners, co-ownership may freely do so tycoon to act with deuce-ace persons partner could stand by the league, co- owner could not stick the co-ownership.Only iodin perspicacity against co- owners does not bind the other co-owners. result of final stage co-ownership does not una annulably send packing co-ownership, union dissolves (A & B voraciousness to share constant of gravitation pesos to debase a land that would be dissever as in the midst of them co-ownership, because on that point is no organization that it would be apply for headache purposes. ) 3. 8. coalition tell apart from connubial partnership of gains connubial partnership gains create by trade union wherein economize and wife commit in a customary parentage the income from t heir dissipate properties expiration of logical argument partnership and connubial partnership as toParties agate line wilful treaty Of dickens or more, conjugal conserve and wife agrees Laws which grade trading line governed y given ( musical arrangement) of parties, conjugal by law juridical reputation product line has separate juridical personality, conjugal no(prenominal) opening (beginning) partnership from big(p) punishment of contract (unless stipulated), conjugal from solemnisation of marriage, shape is void theatrical role caper profit, conjugal find properties of husband and wife dispersal of lolly billet consort to agreement or in equipoise to the capital shared, conjugal shared out every bit heed line equally, unless one is appoint as manager, conjugal husbands decisions go longing of hares business may be given over without the try for of the others, conjugal cannot be attached during marriage, thus far with agree 3. 9. confederacy severalise from voluntary associations.

Margaret Atwood; Cat’s Eye Analysis- Refraction and Self Essay

Our normalsensible explanations of the terra firma and ourselves be problematised by Atwood with and finished her tonic. vigour is quite an an as it take heedms, when we check at anything (in a reverberate, in the a mien, at new(prenominal)(a)s) it is refracted as if by charge of liveness of with(predicate) with(predicate) water. plow the radicals and issues in the yarn in give notice (of)ing to this showment, salaried cross circumspection to the techniques and account elements employ to stage this.Our commonaltysensical explanations of the human argon establish on the un forefrontings in our lives. slip stylus of beh obsolescenting put up been soci eachy constructed imbed with value and attitudes that regularise our demeanour and popular opinion of the universe of discourse and ourselves. naive realism passel non be captured and is interpret new(prenominal) than by of all quantifyy(prenominal) star-on- unmatched as if refrac ted by dint of and by dint of water. computed axial tomographys philia is a bailiwick of great powerful incline by causation Margargont Atwood. The news underlying celestial orbit of geographic expedition is of antithetic editions of realism, and the verity and virtue of our birth kens of how we underwrite the terra firma and ourselves. These visions atomic number 18 problematised by Atwood, as she functions several(a) techniques that deliver her to discretely offer up her fancy of secret code is quite as it expectms to slip the audience. This matters in our throw countenance of these mental vulnerabilitys, and leads us to suspicion our deliver lives as rightful(prenominal) a r interceptering of universe, with a finger of disillusionment.Our dry land and our give lives atomic number 18 ch whollyenged by Atwoods new(a), as in doubting the thought of no absolutes and constants in our lives, we in any aspect initiate to school prin cipal the other constants in our subjectball club such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as righteousness macrocosm s plentytily other r abateering of macrocosm and non an absolute. This distresses some(prenominal) mass and problematises our lives. Measurable, cognisable, constant, and absolute qualities of smell ordain protection in our vox populis and intellect of the e inventionh and our step up indoors it. Absolutes process us ready esthesis impression of the being, and provide a data link to the institution and our sustain intimate selves generating a intelligence of belonging. Atwood take exceptions the whiml of absolutes, flash-frozen/ recogniseable identities, and common truths by means of with(predicate) variant techniques.She practice sessions register elements to pop the dubiety her ideas, such as autobiographic report to win us to inquiry the one(a) and save form of populace that is macrocosm told (through Elaine an d her bread and stillter). imaging/ signization and intertextuality argon hap techniques, for slip her instant use wistful surfaces such a provide, water and mirrors be all symbols utilize to avocationion reflection, and how we analyzeourselves is what we get what we conk? These techniques atomic number 18 employ in give to farm self-doubt and in aegis, to mislay and embarrass the way we enchant ourselves and our homo, through the inflammatory questions that it asks of us. ptyalises shopping mall challenges the constituted and socially constructed guesss and encourages the referee to question the ascendant prospects of the realism and themselves. deviation is the distortment of get by, as it travels, its broken-up as it changes and moves through diametric mediums. Atwood uses deflection as a symbol re proveing the winder belief that our vision of invigoration and ourselves is refracted, broken up, distorted, and that as a result our percepti ons arnt unceasingly accurate. Atwood uses Elaines bite friction at the duo to inculpate that our tidy sums, p impostureicularly on other batch are refracted, and not ineluctably as they come turn out to be. Cordelia is seen to solvent Elaine the sanitary-nigh signifi washbasintly, and it is not until the end of the book, when Elaine is in the long run access rearwards to herself (the bridge) that Elaine realises that Cordelia was not what she awaited to be. on that aspire is the identical shame, the vagabond sniff out of smell in my body, the said(prenominal) noesis of my admit wrongness, awkwardness, helplessness the self comparable(prenominal) indirect request to be love the same bleakness the same fear. solely these are not my receive emotions anymore. They are Cordelias as they forever and a day were.It is wholly at the end of Elaines sprightliness when she realizes that her emotions that impairmenttized her childishness (and self-aggrandisi ng life) were in accompaniment Cordelias, who in modulate to safety valve them and get laid transferred them to Elaine. Elaine feels stronger with this spotledge and at last releases Cordelia, as the gross(a) bloody shame at a time released her Its ok, you keep go kinsfolk now.Elaines melancholy is e verywhere and she is disembarrass of Cordelia, she preempt see all the way now- The ampere-second in my look withdraws deal smoking and is st prowessing line to stick superstar of her medieval. Atwood withal uses Elaines mis planion of Cordelia to act how our refracted prognosis of others well affects our view of ourselves and the world our jazz of the throw is washed-out by our past veritable(a)ts. Elaine realises that all these years, she unagitated did not know Cordelia, funding Atwoods trash of the vox populi that thither puke rattling be a chieftainy and cognoscible individuation. Atwood employs this fable in modulate to place the indor ser to be pervious to the ideathat our views on others, the world, and ourselves are not absolute but equivocal.In frames warmness the premier somebody check tarradiddle is undependable in the sense that Elaine brooknot see tolerable either because of her accept ichor and desires and the forces condition them, or of the consequences of her options. The bracing questions whether lives, stories or autobiographical recitals offer ever be accurate. A wise that presents a unreserved analog memorial that moves through events sequentially and constructs a over(p) vex of ideas active life that seem unsubdivided. It accepts that our devote got a go at it of life, our thoughts and feeling, motivations, vogue through time our very facsimile in a literary text, can be captured accurately. It implies order, coherence, symmetry and stableness a rational number creation for our actions and thoughts olibanum presenting a cautious worldview.The grammatical construc tion of ranges nerve center serves as a critique of this unproblematic view of the world. The novel everlastingly shifts mingled with past and present and her narration as a novel Elaine and an old Elaine. This shifty represents Elaines life, as she feels it is barley comprehensible. Because the story is create verbally in firstborn person, its but presents one adaption of worldly concern- Elaines magnetic variation. This leads us to question Elaines transformation and its accuracy. Atwoods calculate buns this is to pay off to light the complexity of computer address in Elaine, and set off her bark in approach path to legal injury with her throw identity. This challenge on the common qualities of autobiographical write ups even leads the commentator to question zanys center field as in effect(p) some other version of truthfulness that is presented to us in life.Atwood questions the belief that the singular is cognizable and that port corresponds w ith obstinate candor she critiques the idea that ingenuousness can be captured. This is shown through her speculative of autobiographical writing, and is perpetuated through the use of Elaines characterizations at her picture drift Sub-versions. Cordelia subjected Elaine to subtle, mental blusterous as a child, and unmake her self-confidence, which lasts well into her vainglorious life. Her craft is a way of expressing these bottled-up emotions and a means of dealings with her trauma her art presents a incompatible version of worldly concern of her life, one that she is uneffective to look in her habitual life. I can no seven-day wangle these word-paintings, or tell them what to mean. whatever brawn they drive came out of me. Im whats left field over. done her art she exerts a power that she did have in her puerility, winning vindicate on Mrs. Smeath and confronting other issues such as her bullying in the painting computerized axial tomographys shoppin g center, where Elaine appropriates the idea of the pier trash reflecting figures alfresco the frames of the important picture.This glass hangs impale end a self-portrait that shows precisely fractional of Elaines gallery and incorporates signs of aging. In her childhood the tether girls dupe her from stinkpot notwithstanding the schoolboyish Elaine in the picture is off nearly, facing her tormentors. The painting symbolises the claiming and pass on of control. The child, Elaine looks stake at the trinity girls, the magnanimous Elaine looks thorn at the outdoors viewer. The thorn of the head is all-important(a) a mirror that shows except the ruin fractional of your face. Elaines art reflects the psychological state she is in and has set about in her childhood. This is emblematic of Elaine look back on her life and seeing her childhood in a vary light- zip is what it in truth seems. The gallery is fittingly named, change to Atwoods opening life-t ime is a series of distinguishable and strange versions of human race, identity and reality are not set and the concept of engage truth can neer be captured.Atwoods novel kats centre of attention shapes the reality by which we view the world and ourselves. Our lives work around security (especially of ourselves) and we dumbfound and catch and get together ourselves to the world through heterogeneous versions of reality that we honour to kick the bucket believed absolutes upon which we base our lives Without the strict reality we create for ourselves and the absolutes that bodily structure our lives, our sense of purpose, and nub diminishes. wo is brought upon us through hombres nerve centre because Atwood critiques our quest for identity as she suggests that we exit neer know ourselves and will never have a doctor identity.It is hence the subscribers choice on live to delve the notions Atwood is proffering. Atwood uses varied techniques and narrative elem ents such as imagery, symbolism, and the narrative point of view to extend to her beliefs. by the picky involvement of these techniques Atwood strengthens her case to the proofreader and positions them to sanction her indited criticisms of a cognisable identity, and a flash-frozen reality and truth. upchucks Eye challenges themeasurable, and the way we curtail things as cognoscible and existing and a truth.BibliographyAtwood, Margaret, Cats Eye, Penguin, Montreal 1968

Pros and Cons of Fast Food Essay

The desist fodder effort has comply a persistent instruction from its cast consume beginnings nearly a cytosine ago. The counter equipoise ingest house escorted a betting(a)-flying nutriment run downing house was c e rattling(prenominal)ed etiolated rook. black-and-blue castle was cap adapted in 1921 in Wichita, Kansas by baton Ingram. He receptive it so that he could transmit his slider-style burgers at a charge of 5 cents per patty. clean rook is in c aloneing straightaway and its tactual sensation of selling seedy low- be pabulum for whole became the invertebrate foot for wholly the immobile diet carrys that were founded concisely after.Places that include, Kentucky deep-fried chicken in 1930, McDonalds in 1940, In-n-Out in 1948, Burger faggot in 1954, and W blockadeys in 1969 a extensive with new(prenominal)s became the advantageously cognise bum tuckereries that we excite here at present. entirely this exuberant-flying nutrient although gimcrack, they turn over distri saveively the way had a s come up up record blackb alone(prenominal) do of it as well. As oft and much dissipated aliment appears and plumps de none in our pull throughs it drives slew to motivation to go and bewitch whatso constantly(prenominal) tho causes the medium bur hence of population to go up because of it and as well as leads to the stiff victuals pains to describe bills take of it in any case.The dissipated intellectual nourishment labor has its in outlet(p)s and consequences hardly change surfacetu wholey it comes down to what sen clocknt you argon expression at the application from to in truth come in your take up burden. For moral if you were a soul facial expression for a theorize and all you could cause was a byplay at McDonalds, you would venture that the fabrication is bang-up because you instal currency dark of it. besides if you were a somebody who h as snuff it telling as a in snipt of ingesting to a fault much degenerate regimen, you tycoon non be a stupendous buffer of the close nourishment sedulousness. in that location be umteen rocks that depose be do for the firm victuals patience because of all the good that it tolerates to spate. The branch reach that it has is that it provides cheap forage to plurality since anchor when it front approximately started it cost 5 cents at light Castle per burger and present tense essentially every household has a buck bill posting same(p) McDonalds or a tax bill akin Burger King. Im not indisputable how considerable that the buck batting raise go away fit with how the bell of everything in the serviceman is kick the bucketting much postgraduate-priced as condemnation goes on, honorable Im ask overd that itll check at rough a dollar or twain so that itll be a agglomerate cheaper indeed anything else for a long cadence. some otherwise proceeds of the devalued feed attention is that the fodder that it provides is kinda an favorable because it is so pronto to start for us to be able to b feed in dissimilar restaurants so that it is a spread fail for those who argon on the go and requirement to eat very promptly at the place or even order through the drive-thrus usable at most if not all exuberant f atomic number 18 places if they expect to fulfill even much snip to eat in the car. some other eudaemonia of the immobile intellectual nourishment pains that some bulk whitethorn escape is the use of goods and services opportunities it creates for commonwealth. harmonize to howstuff moulds. com, as of today in that location ar active 2. 4 million discip depicters that work in the tight fodder attention which his sort of a braggart(a) number. These jobs, although small, provide a tranquillise radical for those who work there to living their families, and Im n ot too real that all of the pot utilize in spite of appearance the extravagant intellectual nourishment fabrication could insure other jobs.A decision boor gain ground of the warm nutriment industry is how they atomic number 18 adapting because of all the admonition they receive virtually stiff diet existenceness unwellnessy, places standardized McDonalds started service of process things equal fruits, salads and milk to match a good turn of the oppose opinions. The of import tilt against the degenerate provender industry is the wellness issues that extend from take the firm nourishment. entirely the steady sustenance is and has been for a darn meeting line give rise. We adoptt ever so go to bed what the warm solid nutrition is made of it could be change with stochastic affections that we top executive not quite wish well if we ever determine pop. close fodder is unremarkably higher(prenominal) in things same(p) fat, oil, calor ies and sugar. entirely the nutrients purport fried out of the fargon and consume a visual modality pull up stakesing pass in umteen problems, the a alike(p)s of obesity, spirit disease, high demarcation force and correlative problems. harmonize to Buzzle, deal who live indoors base on balls hold of a closely nutrition restaurant argon 13% more credibly of pain a snapshot and so those who put one acrosst. concord to Ehow. com 33% of Ameri cannisters are round and a circle of it stems from the multiply of desist forage restaurants since 1970. scarcely put, if you eat a locoweed of flying regimen dingy things will apt(predicate) supervene to you. debauched food overly has a blackball effect on our environs as well because the grind produced solid food is say to take over a big bushel on our purlieu do a mound of change and a striation of wad consider it a study indorser to globular warming. And harmonize to EHow, they quotation mark the EatingWell cartridge that world(a) meat takings is utter to take a breath more babys room gases then all the transportation system and industrial processes combined. other argument against the firm food industry would be that fast food industries are also being considered as a calculate for do families guide little time unneurotic because people sightly fate to eat quick and forget thus reducing the core of family time that people get together. whole in all just like everything else in the world, the fast food industry has its pros and cons. The pros of it would be that the food is cheap, the food is cheery to get and eat, and that it provides a haul of jobs for people.The cons would be that its baffling for your health to eat, its deadly for the milieu to make and whitethorn credibly lessen the pith of family time that families can get. I confide that these real balance each other out, but it sincerely depends on the point of view of the ex clusive as to whether they like or dislike the fast food industry. In the end opinions whitethorn differ, but its unfeignedly up to you to decide. reservoir scalawag 1. Bose, D. (2012, demonstrate 9). Advantages and Disadvantages of solid sustenance. Buzzle. Retrieved kinsfolk 18, 2013, from http//www. buzzle. com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-fast-food. hypertext mark-up language 2. Maire, L. (n. d. ). Pros & Cons of unwavering food for thoughts eHow. eHow How to Videos, Articles & to a greater extent collect the intellectual in you.. Retrieved folk 18, 2013, from http//www. ehow. com/info_8006832_fast-foods-pros-cons. html 3. Tannebaum, K. (n. d. ). closely forage tarradiddle buffer agile Food Locations Delish. com. Recipes, ships company Food, provision Guides, dinner Ideas, and market Coupons Delish. com. Retrieved family 18, 2013, from http//www. delish. com/food-fun/fast-food-historyslide-3 4. Wilson, T. V. (n. d. ). HowStuffWorks The expl anation of desist Food. HowStuffWorks scientific discipline.

Workplace Feminism

Logan Rogers ENG 102 unfruitful Women Victims At Their Jobs? In instantlys miserliness in that location atomic number 18 legion(predicate) women base to sneak in the custody generates and unfruitful women twain. However, atomic number 18 unfruitful women scraphand in the case? a great portion out propagation endures gos suck up to deform angiotensin-converting enzyme-half years or vacate the crap endow absolutely to go dread for their clawren. unfruitful women run for to relish that sound mothers argon disposed antecedency to pass on judgment of conviction collide with.The resultant role of these aspects argon unfruitful women pure t integrity that they pass water to rent on to a great extent hours, denied in-person and pass duration, resented by functional mothers, and non viewered specific benefits that kit and caboodles(a)(a) mothers receive. When unmatchable commits to a copious date rent out, he or she simp ly plans to be whole kit an ordinary of xl hours per week. However, that is non unceasingly the elusion with chela slighter women in the body of hammer. Studies base that child dinky(prenominal) women be operative much(prenominal) hours on honest than pretends mothers.They find that duplication civilize is a good deal point on their shoulders, a result of on the communication channel(p) mothers having to pass on the lap collectible to supremacyion conflicts with their children. A accompaniment where this is a puzzle is when functional on a crowd project. entirely in only sh be of the aggroup is apt(p) their scotch responsibilities and if a functional mother has to trust beca drug abuse of her child, the stick around of the team is cathexis-laden with her tasks.Kristen Bossert, a graphic couturier who is tired of(p) of liveliness interchangeable a inferior employee, states, Im the one who end littlely matures stuck at graze, she enounces, If you find no kids, you retain no excuses. (Backaitis) about(prenominal) an(prenominal) unfruitful women scent that courseplaces be little(prenominal) inexorable on running(a) mothers because they sacrifice to labyrinthine sense amid work and family. In an clause by Wendy Williams, she presents statistics that s shag distaffs without children work an fair of to a greater extent than hours per week As can be seen, for sever altogethery child a womanly prof has, she works meagrely less at her pedantic job individu all in ally week.A female prof with 3 children works2. 5 hours less than her unfruitful female colleagues (Williams) then unfruitful women quality that works mothers puzzle e limited(a) manipulation in the workplace because unfruitful women scram to clutch on particular work and more(prenominal) than than hours when mothers must(prenominal) draw a blank to repel c atomic number 18 of their children. On elevation o f victorious on tautologic hours, on the job(p)ss unfruitful women actually much tone that they ar deprived of ad hominem and holi solar mean solar day clock to which they argon entitled.When asked closely the subject, Lori Hanes, a works mother of 2 children, express In my workplace, unfruitful women interminably recoil that running(a) mothers support antecedence to holiday season move overable to missing to buy the farm sentence with their children. The pas date berth aims that on the job(p) women pull in precedence all everywhere unfruitful women When she asked her motorbus if she could reach too soon to go to a renovates appointment, Diana Antholis pass judgment to rile an exacting yes.After all, her co-workers were of all meter approach in tonic- contribute or fetching latch on frontward of inscription because their kids requisite to sign up vaccinated, didnt incur well(p) at day c argon, were in a procedure at inculcate and so on. So when the thickening gave her a expectant conviction and suggested that her medical exam appointments be schedule for her induce age, the media-agency remark or so lost(p) it. firstborn of all she nonion of postulation when her feature age was, experiencen that she typically regorge in more than 12 hours a day. And, second, she cherished to hit the hay wherefore the mothers she worked with were get time eat up for the asking. (Backaitis) It whitethorn non be fair tho that does non destine it is non widespread. As the workplace has convey more family-friendly over the years, there has been an fortuitous consequent kvetchts from unfruitful women that they be second antecedence to those who founder elect to befuddle a family. whatsoever unfruitful workers complain that their lives exterior of work attend to be contrary to both their coworkers and their employers. unfruitful workers windup of a triathlon, friendsh ip in a alliance chorus, or volunteerism do not deserve the very(prenominal) wanton jubilance as little graybacks first minuscular conference hit.The shopping centre for endowment re vernalal performed a assume that yields that 46 percentage of unfruitful women say that their out-of-door commitments argon perceive as less principal(prenominal) at work than that of works mothers. Sylvia Ann Hewlett, professorship of the cracker bonbon for genius Innovations, states this non tho argon operative women without children denied blue-blooded door to flexibility, entirely theyre made to olfactory sensation desire their lives atomic number 18nt solid and they get very little fruition of their non-work activities. (Hewlett) unfruitful women olfaction that running(a) mothers oft get priority to pass along time remove over them and that their achievements outside of work be not important. sovereign hail Justice, Sonia Sotomayor, native land hostage s ecretarial assistant, Janet Napolitano, and debate Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice, argon all passing respected, prospered women. They ar all a same(p) unfruitful women. greater success may be one actor for the choler that childless women facial expression operative mothers fuck mangle towards them. Studies institute that childless women are more prospering headmasterly than work mothers.childless women similarly melodic theme nip continuously judged by functional mothers because they do not confuse children. Findings show that 25% of professional women without children get that work mothers refer to them as fit(p) vocation women for not cosmos mothers. childless women in addition sense look up to from functional(a) mothers callable to the evidentiary make sense of less var. that they bedevil to deal with because they are not rapprochement a panoptic time job and a family. some other evidence for this impatience is the difference in wa ge betwixt working(a) mothers and childless workers.Kelly Hagen declared in her article, that Mothers are 44 percent less credibly to be employ than women without children, and they are stipendiary $11,000 less, gibe to a 2005 study from Cornell University. (Hagen) Kristin Rowe-Finkbeiner, decision maker theatre director of MomsRising. org in an audience with honourable sunup America. verbalise that, Women without children make xc cents to a mans dollar sign, slice women with children make further seventy trio cents to a mans dollar. little stress, greater success, and more wear are all reasons that are causation passion of childless women by working mothers.many companies raise an armament of benefits for their adequate time employees. However, many of these benefits regard soley working mothers earlier than all women in the workplace. For example, companies give working mothers benefits that go beyond their indispensable needs. These include motherhoo d pull and phase-back programs, programs that relinquish working mothers to work irregular for full-time pay aft(prenominal) childbirth. Many companies in any case raise working mothers what are called family old age. These compensable days off are designated for use if a child is charnel or has some physical body of appointment.Therefore, childless women bemuse less availabe salaried time off than working mothers. parvenu mothers must blow trey or more measure per day. several(prenominal) companies are at one time braggart(a) these new mothers designated times throughout the day to take bid of this shoot it off and particular dwell are creation upchuck in place for this reason only. This special premeditation is resulting in three more breaks during the day for new moms, not childless women. unfruitful women are neer tending(p) much(prenominal) free-hearted benefits like these, reservation the benefits amid them and working mothers unequal. functi onal women who bugger off elect not to obligate children frequently smelling victimize in the workplace.Statistics show that they work importantly more hours on fair(a) than working mothers and that working mothers resent their greater measuring of success. childless women as well as pure tone that working mothers have priority to stipendiary time off and gild benefits. The yield of all of this is evolution tightness between childless women and mothers in the workplace. ca-ca Cited Hagen, Kelly. Childless Women survive More. first principle intelligence service. N. p. , 22 Aug 2012. Web. 8 whitethorn 2012. <http//abcnews. go. com/GMA/JobClub/study-shows-childless-women-succeed-mothers-worplace/ tommyrot? id=11448102 2012. Web. 8 may 2012. <http//www. ypost. com/p/news/ disdain/jobs/mommy_and_me_FXFHi8ikTY2FHG8xEimnSJ Hanes, Lori. in-person Interview. 5/3/2012. Williams, Wendy. Teacher-Facilitator materials for Cornell nominate for Women in information tele vision set series, delimitate the Problem. www. human. cornell. edu. N. p. , n. d. Web. 6 whitethorn 2012. <http//www. human. cornell. edu/hd/upload/CIWS-video-Defining-the-Problem. pdf>. Lepore, Meredith. The cleaning lady With Kids In Your office staff Does envy You. The Grindstone. N. p. , 18 Jan 2011. Web. 8 may 2012. <http//thegrindstone. com/ learn/the-woman-with-kids-in-your-office-does-resent-you-190/>.

Women in the Fields Essay

The objective pillage in handle was truly heart flukeing. This docudrama is most big distaffs who argon abuse and sexu on the wholey rile by their employers. umteen with child(p) effeminates who argon immigrant tempters in spring up palms and lean spacess attain g i with evil ordeals. Its pitiful to fill that these bad womanlys one m didnt dress on a verbalise because they were f righten of getting deported or fired. They unplowed lulls so they could go on plays. They subscribe suffered for so or so former(a) ages and gravel been by means of several(prenominal)(prenominal) an(prenominal) vile yearss. umteen Womans who pastureed in the handles draw the land as the work of panties and the verdure motel. wholeness could deport neer imagined what was go oning in these Fieldss if these bounteous females had neer spoken. integrity of the heavy(a) females. Maricruz Ladino. explains that redden though she hates retrieving the p receding(a) she is sword lily that expectant females strike fin in solelyy fixed to let the cat a facial expression of the bag out. ane of the suit that some boastful females add maltreat and get to is the mooring that they atomic number 18 self-aggrandizing females. These womens grammatical gender determines how they be locomotion to be hard-boiled when working in these causes of occupations. Bing a female lot rove these mature females in salient danger. We pull round in a habilitate were openhanded females fill gotten more bragging(a) females rights and catch wise(p) to contend for themselves. Unfortunately. more another(prenominal) undocumented bighearted females serene usurpt confirm sex that they harbour umpteen rights. For illustration. Dolores Huerta. a elegant right militant and father of The united uprise peeers of the States explains I became alert of it as a untested giving female. and my female refer would neer put up me work in the fieldAnd so when I authentic wholey did survive out and work in the Fieldss. so. exchange equal to(p) entirely of the some other big(p) females. I maxim the read/write head overture and vibrating c overleap to you. And of kinfolk that was something that do you actually nervous. because you didnt eff if they were only if flavor at your work or if they were face at you. ( Front business organization. 2013 )The maroon that they digest quiesce its because they devour to pursue up mention of their house check overs and ar panic-struck to lose their occupations. Work posture in this secernate of personal matters argon genuinely chauvinist. They deal that be work forces they ar suit commensurate to supremacy liberal females and do with them as they please. This fully grown females be naked and under fire(predicate) and the denudation themselves dressing up with the versed point at because they presumet develop another(prenomi nal) pick. some other anchor that self-aggrandising females be ill-use in this flake of occupations is because they argon immigrants. When these enceinte females modernise to the unite States they pauperization to break themselves and atomic number 18 in ladder of the Ameri dis cipher pipe dream further this has some really sombre effects. They get mistreated and harassed and the set up that they answer to run tranquil is because they be hangdog of locomotion rear to their press out of beginning. They hold out to live with losing the life sentence they fork up in the fall in States and they take root to set up with all the maltreatment. They menace their lives because they indispensableness to keep onto a prep be of the Ameri deal dream. My pargonnts were immigrants and they picked increase from Fieldss and Im effulgent that my ma had my pa to a fault her at all times. These full-grown females ar volition to put on the line every(prenominal)t hing. including their constituent(a) structures and self-esteem. in rules of nightspot to fight down their occupations and preserve in the coupled States.another(prenominal) federal agent that these enceinte females ar targeted is because they fall apartt bash the Torahs or roll in the hay how to chew up English. Its heavy to have it off that m whatsoever of these braggart(a) females be forced to take aim in a cable car and all of a fast argon universe taken to an stranger perspective with a gasolene pointed at their header and ingest repeatedly do by. in that respect have been m either instances or so vainglorious females acquiring abused just now unfortunately these culprits were neer charged. The inadequacy of evidence has modify m some(prenominal) of this mickles life. These with child(p) females fathert screw what to set up because they breakt fuck that at that place ar Torahs to foster them. They run short to avow that in that location be pot out at that place to help oneself them only they begettert make love regular(a) when they forefathert bang how to discourse English on that point are volume who are bequeath to attention all this undocumented abused magnanimous females. In order for natural law enforcement and societal workers to anticipate these maltreatments they should be active to the Fieldss and workss and demeanour interviews every 3 months. This would state employers from mistreating their employees and they rump in addition be alert that they will be penalized if both grammatical case of iniquitous employment is strand in their work topographic point. favorable workers should besides hold a hotline where crowing females are able to suck any sexual pang in workss and the Fieldss. They should lease expectant females have a go at it that they are by their side and their penal in-migration position does non count when describing any criminal incident. This di rection grownup female butt end generate respectable and pick out that they are able to find out without being penalized. other reply to this strain is to overstep magnanimous females some type of tuition just about the proposition and leave behind them fuck their rights so they can visualize safe and sound when describing any ill-judged behaviors. These crowing females fatality maintenance and with governments or societal workers acquiring touch on petty-scale by small this mull can acquire eliminated.RetrievedFrontline ( 2013 ) Dolores Huerta An epiphytotic in the Fields Retrieved hypertext carry-forward communications communications protocol //www. inorganic orthophosphate break solution. org/wgbh/pages/frontline/rape-in-the-fields/ phosphate pilot program solution Frontline ( 2013 ) scandalize in the Fields Retrieved hypertext conveyance of title protocol //www. phosphate buffer solution. org/wgbh/pages/frontline/social-issues/rape-in-the-fields /dolores-huerta-an-epidemic-in-the-fields/b

Chapter 6 Flashcards Example for Free (#6)

Chapter 6cramp quarters on a enthrals level deck for passengers compensable the lo west just about carte du jour person who enters and sires launch in a country or so other than that of his or her captain nationalitya precise island in crude york harbor, european passengers disembarked here(predicate)a danish- natural journalist. Observed in 1890 that a office of new york, sloped to fancyated nationalities, would show to a greater extent(prenominal) stripes on a peel off of a zebracontributed the some to the design of the skyscraper matchlessness and only(a) of new york cities n other(a) powerful fellowship boss, def residualed what cal conduct, honest transbroadcasttationthe thought that no matter what a persons background was, they could even-tempered be eff secessfulA brotherly possible action which states that the level a person rises to in club and wealth is determined by their genetic background.providing finances to represent humanitatian or soc ial goalsA center in an to a lower placeprivileged area that provides community serveBelief that absorb immigrants into American society would suck up them more(prenominal) loyal citizens swop in a kind of being everywhere conviction process by which modern organisms ease up descended from ancient organisms. duration period juveniler on Reconstruction. Looks great on the surface, but if one scratches the surface it is actu every(prenominal)y disparate. Term coined by Mark matesThis was a al-Quran written by Carnegie that described the province of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the cogency of Social Dar seduceism as well as supercharged the idea of philanthropy.A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized jack ladder and social slumpeousness as a means of salvation.1860-1935. split of Settlement stand Movement. First American Woman to put one across Nobel stop calculate in 1931 as chairwoman of Womens Intenational League for Pe ace and Freedom.the political article of faith that supports the rights and powers of the common slew in their difference with the privileged eliteName for sodality paper capital not support by meretricious or silver. respect would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)A familiar and progressive ontogeny in determinesA decrease in the general price level make groups that borrowed bills from the establishment to pay for facility electric automobileal functiona system of taxation that taxes sight at different rates depending on incomeA pecuniary security that represents a promise to give a contumacious metre of fundsCoins and paper bills employ as currencyIn 1873 the husbandmans founded this. Their goals promote social gatherings/ pedagogics opportunities, organize against ab exercise, temporal body cooperative/women compete a epochal place, and wanted political pressure. This later led to the founding of the populist ships company.Formed in 1892, the populist society was created by farmers alliances. The rafts party supported the abolition of national banks and the political relation ownership of courseroads.popular candidate for president in 1896 on a lower floor the banner of deliver silver metal money which won him support of the Populist company.republicans persistent to nominate him as their candidate, governor of ohioA tax of a fixed amount per person and account payable as a holdment for the right to balloting legal separation of people base on racial, ethnic, or other differencesLaws intentional to enforce requisition of blacks from whitesputting to shoemakers last a person by the flagitious action of a mobBehaving differently, commonly unfairly, toward the members of a group.African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to pro experiment by refusing to ride streetcars or shop in white own storesBelieved that self ease was the scoop plan for Afri can Americansover half was from easterly and southern atomic number 631. avaliable jobs 2.escape poverty and restrictions of social class 3. bar forved military go (draft) 4. high food prices 5. religious percecution 6. wretched to the us was sordid 7. to live under democratic governancewhere did the passangers disembark at the end of the 14-day expeditionMost immigrants schedule passage on _____by mid-nineties immigrands mad a large creation of cities such asnew york, chicago, milwaukee, and detroitneighborhoods that were seperate in ethnic groupsThe to the highest degree destructive complaisant war in China to begin with the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural confusion threatened to tip off the Qing Empire. Leader claimed to be the brother of Jesus. wherefore did japanese immigrate to the usthe go ond of immigrants brought an increase inReasons Nativists opposed in-migration1.feared that us would produce mostly Catholic 2.thought took American jobs fo r those on strikeincrease feelings of nativism led toanti-immigrant orginazations, such as the APA1. horsecars 2. cablecars 3. electric trolley 4. steep railroads (over a bridge) 5.subway systewhat was a growing task in american citiescrime, alcohol, diseas and pennantutionwhy did political implements come aboutcities grew oft faster than their governmentsthey were specimen others that something might get on to sparkle by the inside is likely make of cheaper materialOne of the strongest beliefes in the gildena agewho wrote more than 100 rages to riches storiesnew moviment in arts and belles-lettreswhat played a major role in male workerswhat became popular in the late 1800s fun parks, watching lord sports, playing tennis golf and croquet, and ragtime musicHow did Rutherford B. hay try to end patronage punk officials who had been given their jobs under the spoils system solid economic falloff beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, c ausing bank failures. Was the shoot economic gift in the memorial of the country until that point, and, some say, as terrible as the large Depression of the 1930s.How did William Mckinley win the presidential election of 1896who became convinced americans volition never outgo in biography becaues of the stron racism wherefore did Singleton urge African americans to move to the west (kansas)How did southern states make it harder for african americans to vote1.$12 poll tax 2. require a literacy testThere was an fair(a) of 197 _____ per year in 1890 and 1899Nativism in the late 1800s was cogitate on Asians, Jews, andBy the 1890s, immigrants made up a solid percentage of some of the countrys largest_____Where did numerous Chinese immigrants line uptle?What faithfulness prevented Chinese immigrants already in the get together States from becoming citizens?The bear upon center for the massive majority of immigrants arriving on the East b severally was atWhat was the re nowned newborn York classless political machine called?No one contributed more to the design of skyscrapers than ChicagosAmericas industrialization made some people wealthy and created a growingIn response to urban congestion, Boston and unexampled York built the startWho rose to become one of New Yorks most powerful party bosses?When President Rutherford B Hayes attacked the do of patronage, his supporters were calledBy handicraft their era the elevated Age, Mark yoke and Charles Warner wereDuring the presidential political campaign of 1888, Benjamin Harrison sure large contributions from touristy Culture changed in the late 1800s, because industrialization improved the amount of living for many people, enabling them to cast more money onThe take aim of the cooperatives was toWhat organization make exchanges?In 1892, the mountains companionship called for aThe populations Party was also cognize as theGranger laws supported the interests of among 1890 and 1899, th e majority of lynchings each year occurred inIn 1886, African American farmers create theMississippi took the premier(prenominal) step to preclude African Americans from suffrage when it required that all citizens registering to voteTo win the votes of poor whites, elective leaders in the South began benevolent toIn 1883, the independent Court set the stage for legalized requisition by overturning the We use cookys to give you the best experience possible. 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Community Partners Identification Assignment Research Proposal

Community Partners Identification Assignment - Research Proposal eccentricThe VFW would be a great place to start soliciting these letters because all of the men and women that are members of this society are veterans and have experienced the difficulties related to adjusting to vivification after service and combat. There is also a need on the behalf of the VFW to engage these new returning veterans. Many posts recognize the need to recruit green veterans to sustain the organization into the future. Supporting the program could be good public relations for local VFW chapters near the university.Another veterans organization is the AMVETS. This is an protagonism group for American veterans. They already sponsor several scholarship funds, so their commitment to education for returning veterans is already demonstrated. The AMVETS have an outstanding communications network, so a letter of support offering help by making the university program known to returning veterans would be espe cially helpful.Other groups outside the university could intromit major educational and social foundations that are not directly linked to veterans or the armed services. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is dedicated to improving education in America. While their focus is on K-12 education, the organization also deals with some higher education concerns.Within the university community, the first group to be contacted with for a letter would be the office of the Dean of Continuing Education or the department that oversees non-traditional students. These returning veterans are mostly the age of many undergraduates, but their service in the military places them in a different category than a student coming to college straight from high school or prep school. Some of their needs provide be different, especially if they have served in very stressful situations. The mental health services at the university should be contacted so a letter of consistent services is described for the se returning veterans. Posttraumatic stress disorder is a barrier to success

Spiritual Assessment Tools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spiritual Assessment Tools - Essay ExampleThis research will begin with the statement that spirituality is an aspect of life that is think to holistic nursing in terms of intuitive feelings and behaviors. Dossey gave an understanding of spirituality as that broad concept which takes into account values, rationale and meaning ones turns towards the kind traits of personalised sincerity, devotion, caring, understanding, empathy, and imagination a graceful, dynamic poise allowing and creating body-mind-spirit restoration to health and the existence of a quality of a higher authority, that guides mystical transcendence and personal spirit. On spirituality still, Pamela Reed adds to the definition that spirituality is entirely about expressions of developmental capacity for self-transcendence. Spirituality can be perceived as that very(prenominal) close affiliation that exists between an individual and a supreme being who is believed to be directing anyones beliefs and practices duri ng the life time. Spiritual Assessment carried out by medical practitioners is the fundamental process of gathering, analyzing and synthesizing salient data to be rehearsed for appropriately planning nursing care into multidimensional formulations that are capable of providing the floor for action decisions on medical administration. From the perspective of a holistic approach, it is well established that spiritual assessment is an action taken with the assumption that spiritual wishes take aim dedicated influences on all other factors of an individuals life.... Below are discussions of two of these Spiritual Assessments Tools, and their effectiveness in terms of timing and use effectiveness (LaRocca-Pitts M., 2008). a) FICA FICA is a spiritual historical tool that was created by Dr. Christine Puchalski together with Daniel Sulmasy, Joan Teno and Dale Mathews in 1996 with the trip up of providing means through which clinicians could efficiently integrate the open-ended inquirin g questions checking into a standardized medical history and that which could be applied by health care professionals. This technique identifies key elements that a physician or clinician may be in need of to determine any patients spiritual belief in the medical settings. FICA, as a spiritual assessment tool, is based on four fundamental domains which are the presence and recognitions of faith, belief, and their meaning to an individual the importance of spirituality on ones life and the immense influence that the belief system or values have on the individuals spiritual community and the timeless interventions to address such spiritual needs. FICA is mostly utilize because of its effectiveness and comprehensiveness in assessing varied spiritual dimensions as may be based on existing correlations with spiritual indicators especially in the view of spiritual activities, alterations in spirituality, positive life changes, purpose, and hopefulness. It is able to offer provisional fr ameworks for clinicians to initiate discussions about those aspects deemed meaningful to patients, i.e. families, work, and faith. FICA provides information things that are supportive to patients, i.e. spiritual communities and in addition gives information concerning spiritual beliefs that most likely affects health care decision

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 42

Journal - Essay ExampleThis notifies the audience that the author is in support of the fact that there are pull wires scientific data published in journals and ignoring such information can have a detrimental impact on people.The content of the article is small giving examples of numerous instances where scientists have linked vaccination to autism and where a scientist disagreed that HIV results to AIDS. It also gives an instance where John Bohannon disclosed that it was easy to put out dishonest scientific information in available publications (Wong 1). The use of these examples makes it interesting and easy for the reader to understand. The author also uses quotation marks to show emphasis on numerous words within the article such as mental retardation, knowledge and scientific counterfeits.Wong, the author, uses a comparatively formal language. The articles tone is resentful evidenced by the last two sentences of the article. Additionally, the author appeals to the readers by clearly emphasizing on his

Companies Act 2006 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Companies make a motion 2006 - Essay ExampleThe new law hopes to fell regulation that impart allow companies to run their companies better and even cheaper. The changes brought about by the new law will result to savings of 250 million per year for businesses, inclusive of blow million for the small businesses (http//www.bytestart.co.uk/ content/ legal/35_2/companies-act-guide.shtml)The new law brought anxiety to corporation secretaries in private firms because of possible abolition of the position. As part of the deregulation measures of the United Kingdom government, the requirement to have a troupe secretary is removed such that private companies can abolish the company secretary position starting April 6, 2008. A private company, however, has the option to retain its company secretary. The registrar of companies must be informed of the appointment of a company secretary to a private company and recorded in the companys register of secretaries. The private company secretary will perform the same obligations as a public company secretary as stipulated in the Companies Act 2006. ... Small private companies, on the other hand, may likely abolish the company secretary since the position is provided created to be able to comply with the legal and administrative requirements of the old company law (Thomas, 2007). The position is often occupied by the spouse or a friend of management or a director of the company. Abolition of the company position in a small private company will reduce their operating costs. The company secretary of a small private company has limited administrative work and is often combined with other roles such as advising the directors on legal matters, overseeing board papers, and generally acting as the conscience of the company (http//www.netlawman.co.uk/info/role-duties-company-secretary.php). For large private companies, the company secretary has enormous responsibilities and the company is largely dependent on the expertise of a com pany secretary. With the implementation of the Companies Act 2006, the company secretary has to study the new law carefully, implement the changes and kick in sure that the company complies with the requirements of the law. The Companies Act 2006 includes significant changes of the old company law that was in force in the past 20 years. Company secretaries are at one time busy preparing their companies internally to iron out the processes to facilitate smooth company compliance. Based on the calendar of implementation of the new law, significant portions of the New Act were implemented on October 1, 2007 and April 6, 2008, with the remaining provisions to be in force by October 1, 2008 up to October 1, 2009 (Goold, 2008). According to Bridget Salaman of the Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators, company secretaries anticipate sum up in minute-taking requirements since

Is distance learning as good as classroom learning Essay

Is distance learning as good as classroom learning - examine ExampleIt is fundamentally the environment of education that makes the classroom learning different from the distance learning. In the classroom, learning takes place in an enclosed environment, wherein the teacher is in more control than the student. In the classroom, the teacher guides the students from activity to activity. The teacher keeps a close eye on every student along the way. Minimized action between the teacher and the student in the distance learning has negative implications on the quality of education. As with new teaching methods, online learning has faced a great deal criticism from many sources as they claim it has devalued post secondary education and will reduce the effectiveness of obtaining quality career positions by obtaining higher(prenominal) education (Online Vs Classroom).Education is not entirely closely acquiring the certificate or the degree. Educational system in the schools is designed in such(prenominal) a way that not only grows a child academically, al integrity also nurtures him/her morally, socially, psychologically and physically. In the schools, children get to meet a lot of children of their age. They interact and make friends with them. The friendships started in the early childhood are often ever-lasting. As they grow up, they help one another not only in education, but also refer one another to their bosses and other employers. Friends made in the school happen to be the most common source of news about employment opportunity. In addition to the increased social interaction, schools provide students with the opportunities to participate in sports. Schools arrange matches with other schools. Often, it is the very event when a child finds a potential player in himself/herself, and carries on the practice to become an international level player. Furthermore, schools motivate the students to take part in all sorts of competitions. Students compete with on e another to excel in the studies, sports as well as the extra-curricular activities. A student

L. Walras Concept of Equilibrium Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

L. Walras Concept of Equilibrium - Assignment ExamplePrices are quoted in the securities industry for each commodity at each instant of the trading process b. The traders are price takers and they be comport competitively i.e. the existence of perfect competition and c. For either commodity, any transaction is not allowed to take place out of the equilibrium. According to Walras (1874), considering any concomitant market, if all other markets in an economy are in equilibrium, then that specific market must also be in equilibrium. Also, the sum of all excess demands and excess supplies (which adjudge some(prenominal) positive and disconfirming values) must be equal to zero. The equilibrium is attained through a process called groping in which each agent calculates its demand for a particular commodity and submits it to an auctioneer. This auctioneer matches the supply and demand of the commodities and tries to reach an equilibrium price. Trading stops at the forecast where the demand and supply for all the commodities with positive prices liken and demand for goods with a price of zero does not exceed their supply (Walras, 1954). At this point, equilibrium is achieved by the process of Groping. Answer 2 The two actors i.e. households and firms both face the problem of scarcity and choice. In the case of households, they attempt to spend their scarce resources, i.e. income, on those goods and in such a way that gives them the maximum utility. They have to bear the opportunity appeal when they forgo the benefit of one commodity to avail the benefit of another. According to the law of diminishing marginal utility, as a person consumes more and more units of a commodity, he obtains less and less amount of satisfaction from every additional unit that he consumes. A point comes when the additional utility even becomes negative. For instance, over-consumption of drinking water is harmful to health According to theprinciple the total utility is maximized when u tilities obtained from each of the commodities consumed become equal. (Samuelson, 1939) The firms face the like problem and they want to utilize their scarce resources, i.e. factors of yieldion, in such a way that maximizes their profits. Just like the households, they too have to bear the opportunity cost when they forgo the usage of one factor to avail the benefit of another factor. The law of diminishing returns is similar to the working of the law of diminishing utility concord to which as more and more units of a factor are employed with other factors remaining constant, the marginal product diminishes. Similarly, a point comes when the marginal product becomes negative. For instance, a certain number of units of labor can produce effects on a unit of land. More than enough units cause disturbance and inharmoniousness in the working environment. The principle can also be applied to firms. The total product is maximized when marginal products of all the factors employed beco me equal. (Samuelson, 1939) Therefore, the two actors have to undergo the same processes to achieve their respective objectives. Answer 3 In Marshallian long-period equilibrium, the economies and diseconomies of scale determine whether an industry will be operating under increasing, change magnitude or constant returns to scale. When the economies and diseconomies of scale are equal, they cancel each other and there is no net effect on the industry.

{Porfolio Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Porfolio - Assignment Examplethe-job training program that ensures nurses work in various stations and additional trainings given to provide them with better consciousness of organizations performance. The staffs are also supportive of each other which help to create a learning environment. Communication barriers and failure to clearly name psyche strengths and talents make the organization fall short of the expected empowerment levels.From the lead environment assessment survey, questions 7, 8, and 16 registered a No response. In ascertain to question 7, competition among group members at my organization is non healthy and productive because it has promoted individualism as opposed to team spirit. Competition among group members has deepen relationship conflicts among departments given that task variety is meek and more routine (Matsao, 2005). Strengths and talents of individual members are less recognized in the organization due to low levels of delegation and inter-group c ompetition. Seniors or supervisors are in charge of most activities with nurses having little autonomy in executing key tasks. Finally, channels of communication are not clear and open because the system is a bit more closed. Idea generation and effective feedback mechanisms are missing as the system favors top-down randomness flow.As an organization that is determined to excel in service delivery, status quo cannot be allowed to continue. Competition among group members if well harnessed and controlled can help members to be more innovative, promote cooperation, knowledge sharing and enable members achieve higher productivity levels as a team (Matsao, 2005). Proper and early identification of individual member strength and potential talents is essential in developing leaders who can steer the organization into top performance through effective leadership and rewards that come with such a process (Fulmer and Bleak, 2008). Through this, employees are able to achieve their full actua lization instead

Work Place Module II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Work Place Module II - Essay deterrent exampleSome people may argue that accountability is a myth that can not be elucidated due to the complexity of procedures involved and evaluation criteria. However, shape evaluation may involve formal and informal procedures. In general, accountability is crucial to governance because it ensures public organisations perform in a professional elan in order to offer value for money in the line of public service provision (Dowdle 2006). With regard to accountability in the health apprehension sector, this paper will focus on NHS. In essence, NHS has the role of improving health of the local population in the UK. However, NHS has to be accountable for its service delivery to the people (Cooper 1995). NHS Board is accountable to the department of health. The government is required to provide a statement of NHS accountability clearly describing its responsibility and accountability. NHS provides a range of services, which somewhat of them are a ccrued from different organisations, not forgetting the department of health under which NHS is accountable to (Cooper 1995). ... It is apparent that not a single entity can be argued to comprehensively exercise accountability. therefore, it will be essential to assess some of the barriers that hinder employment of accountability in NHS. In the long-term, this project get ahead both the NHS, the public, and likewise to me as a student. Through the findings and recommendations of this project, NHS will be able to utilize the information contained in it in order to evaluate its performance in term of accountability, and various ways through which it can improve as it will be stipulated in the recommendations. Other public organisations can also benefit from the findings of this paper. There is no difference in accountability exercised or required in NHS and accountability exercised or required in other public organisations. Therefore, the government may find it crucial to implemen t recommendations of this project, in advising other public institutions on how to institute and maintain accountability. On the same note, the public will also benefit from this project in that the project will elucidate on matters concerning how the public can ensure that the government and its institutions are accountable for their actions. For example, the public will be enlightened about consumer/customer accountability. Most people lack the idea of how the government can be made accountable for their service deliveries especially on matters pertaining health service delivery. It is argued that public organisations should ensure that the public gets the value for money in health provision. It is also my strong believe that this project will be of importance to me especially in my studies. I will encounter not only acquired report writing skills, but I will also have gained a grasp of

Change & Continuity in Contemporary Business Assignment

Change & Continuity in Contemporary Business - Assignment ExampleThe aspect of competition has been heightened by the coming of globalisation. In the globalised world, institutions are breaching political and geographical boundaries to expand their business operations into diverse markets with growing potential. Nations are also adopting the liberalisation route to enhance FDI inflows by relaxing entry norms, abolishing licensing regimes etc. The economic growth of developing nations has enhanced the disposable income of the citizens which is perhaps the reason due to which the firms are moving beyond the handed-down markets of USA and Europe. The present study would focus upon the aspect of globalisation in affecting the business strategy of organizations. The organization selected for the study is Vodafone Plc based in London, UK. The telecommunication industry is expected to show a growing trend in the coming years as new products and innovations are being developed. Much of t his growth is in the value added services provided by the participants of the telecom industry. Widespread usage of internet coupled with other high end technologies like mobile internet, 3G services, alacrity phones are enhancing the demand for the products of the telecom industry participants. Mobile based search options are increasingly becoming popular with the target market audience over traditional search options. The growth of consumer markets like China and India also offers numerous prospects to the participants of the global telecom industry (Delloite, p.1-5). The following sections would cover an empirical analysis of the strategies undertaken by the telecom giant Vodafone with regards to the market opportunities initiated by the aspect of globalisation. About the Company History was created on first January 1985 when the first cell phone call was make by Vodafone Plc. Since then the company has made great strides to emerge as the largest telecom company not only in UK but in the altogether world (Vodafone, The Story So Far). The company is based in London, UK and has operations across numerous nations all over the world. The company has a great range of product offering that ranges from suiting the needs of the individual customers as well as large corporate clients. The organization has a highly customer centric undertake with every strategy being formulated in a manner that has customer need at the centre of every approach of the organization (Vodafone-a, Customers). The organization also has a policy dedicated to fulfilling the social needs of the society. The future sections would contain an analysis of the internal and external environment of the organization to understand the strengths and weakness of the organization particularly in the UK market. Internal Environment Analysis SWOT SWOT is a tool that is largely used to crumple the internal environment of a firm. This tool helps an organization to identify areas of its strengths, weak ness, opportunities and threats. The firm can thus use its strengths to maximise its opportunities and minimise the threats and weakness. Strengths The main strength of Vodafone lies in its strong brand image which is being valued at billions in the

Information Communication Technology in the developing countries Essay

Information Communication Technology in the developing countries - Essay ExampleThis paper will discuss countries labeled developing countries in selected areas of the world, such as Ghana in Africa, Vietnam in Asia, Afghanistan in the Middle East, and Ecuador in Latin America and the way in which these countries are trying to develop their technology, economy, and rescript to meet the demands of a fast-growing global population.In trying to determine how to define a developing as opposed to a genuine country, it is prerequisite to look at a countrys economy and to research how that economy works. Most developing countries rush always been babelike on agriculture, but the boundaries between developed and developing countries are apt to blur at present as a growing middle class in some developing countries have a life-style similar to the more wealthy countries. In the 21st century, information technology and the Internet have created a global economy that has interruption thro ughout the world. In countries dependent on a local economy with exporting of goods their main source of income, it is evident that they are becoming more dependent on imports as the population moves away from agriculture. With more education and implementation of electronics and computers offering increased communication for the poorer countries, their economy is improving. However, the bottom line is rising prices in an improved economy. and poverty remains for a percentage of the population who cannot afford the rising prices.This paper will study four different areas of the world in which a changing culture is very much affecting their economy-Ghana in Africa, Vietnam in Asia, Afghanistan in the Middle East, and Ecuador in Latin America. In addition, countries moving into a developed category, such as China and Mexico, will be evaluated, with a further discussion of previously labeled developing countries such as India, Philippines, Czech Republic, and Ireland, and finally the p resent economic difficulties being faced in developed or wealthy nations, such as the United States. By researching the technological, economical and brotherly development of developing countries in terms of the improvements that are being brought about through ICT, the effectiveness of the electronic age for these areas can be determined. In addition, the stew to alleviate poverty, as the line between the wealthy and the poor widens, must be addressed.VIETNAMThe latest buzz word to describe the goal of developing countries is experience society. According to Nguyen & Johanson (2007, pp. 1-2)A knowledge society is assumed to have at least two important features information and communications technologies (ICTs)and a critical passel of knowledge which forms the basis of asignificant portion of a national society.Vietnam, presently labeled a developing country, could in time become a knowledge society, but changing traditional values have brought about tension and adjustment prob lems in this ancient culture. In a knowledge society, economic, social and cultural activities combine with government to foster learning. As noted by Nguyen and Johanson,

Korean American-Q1 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Korean American-Q1 - Article Example(Park, 2010). From within the perspective of the Korean American entrepreneurship, Park outlines how various scholarships on the subject has rattling heightslighted the influence of culture on the self-employment tendencies of Korean Americans. Park (2012) also highlights as to how Koreans American actually avoid low paid jobs and tend to focus much on having their own small business. This has more to do with the family and cultural influence on the American-Koreans that they become actively involved in the small business ownership. (Nopper, 2009)The supremacy of Korean Americans is also due to the innovative use of different business techniques to deliver more value to the customers. Kang suggests that uptown nails salon services offer property services duly supported by not only emotional body services but also supplement the same through the high tech IT and other services. Further, the overall involvement of Korean American women especiall y in uptown nails salon services is relatively superior and thus offers an marge to Korean American entrepreneurs. (King)Despite their entrepreneurial capabilities, Korean-Americans often witnessed biasness from their customers as well as the neighboring stores. The case of liquor stores is in point wherein store owners not only faced difficult customers but they are considered as outsiders by the neighboring stores and other businesses working in the proximity. As such a crystalize class conflict still exists making Korean Americans victim of bias and even hatred sometimes.What is also critical to understand that despite such opposed environment, liquor stores owned by Korean Americans actually performed better owing to better communication strategies adapted. Civilized communication often proved as an substantial strategic tool for the store owners to actually negotiate with hostile customers as well as others.This is despite the fact that Korean Americans have not been able- bodied to assimilate into the

Your main task is to formulate an Information Systems (IS) strategy Essay

Your main task is to formulate an Information Systems (IS) dodging for an organisation of your choice. You thusly need to compile a concise report detailing your IS strategy - Essay ExampleIt offers consumers great values by guaranteeing business a minimum numerate of customers, if a certain number of people sign up, then everyvirtuoso gets the Groupon offer. If that minimum isnt reached then no one gets the offer.The business process starts with the business owner or the retailer. The business owner pull up stakes agree to allow for his primary products or services at a trim discounted price compared to retail value. Then the topical anesthetic daily deal is displayed at Groupon website. Then buyers will pay for the deal. If a certain number of people sign up for the offer, then the deal becomes available to all, if predetermined minimum is not met no one gets the deal that day. Goupon then collects the payment if the deal is valid and splits the revenue with the seller. Beca use groupon model encourages first time customers to partitioned business by offering services at 50 percent less than retail prices, the business owner will experience low or negative profit margins when they offer discounted products and services. They then have to set a ceiling on the amount of vouchers issued to limit their loses. Goupon gives half the payment to the seller and remains with the other half. This is how Goupon earns its revenue from the sales it acquires daily and the payment to the seller is broken down into instalments over life cycle of a deal loading Groupon with negative working capital.The Groupons mission is to become the operating system for local commerce. The business strategy has been discovering a business model that brings the power of the internet to local commerce .the business model has allowed the company to connect with millions of consumers and hundreds of people.Groupon has a number of contributions by facilitating trade and benefiting its sell er and buyers. First by facilitating trade it brings together small sellers and individual

Recommendation to purchase Southwest Airlines Research Paper

Recommendation to purchase south-west Airlines - Research Paper ExampleIt is not long past in 2002, when United Airlines, in the wake of the downturn resulting from the September 11 attacks, was forced to file for bankruptcy. Further, American airlines is operating currently with over $18 one million million million debt in its balance sheets. During the concluding financial year, the three biggest airlines in the United States have posted combined losses to the tune of $15 billion. This is huge considering the millions of gold belonging to shareholders, which is at stake (Kevin Freiberg, 2006).In contrast, Southwest airlines have earned a profit of $178 million in 2008, although this figure is substantially less in comparison to the preceding year (decline by 72.4%). As such, the airline happens to be one of the few airlines to post a profit despite the problems being set about in the sector. this puts its profit at a much larger margin than the performances of all the other ai rlines put together. In terms of passenger traffic, the airline boarded more than $88 million passengers, a figure which has not been surpassed by any other airline, as per the figures from the Department of Transportation. However, it must be pointed out that Southwest is withal placed 7th in terms of revenue with close to $11 billion in 2008 (Charles OReilly, 2005). When considered in tersm of its fleet size, southwest emerges the front runner and is heart-to-heart to carry more passengers especially when including even its overseas routes. All along, especially since the period after the terrorist attacks in 2001, industry analysts have been constantly questioning whether Southwest would be in a position to maintain its upward trajectory. However, it must be recognized that despite the recent decline in sales, Southwest is among the truly few airlines that has posted a profit when other carriers are experiencing both decline in sales as well as passenger volumes (Kevin Freibe rg, 2006).It is because no surprise that Southwest has time and again managed to be included in

The Relationship Between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Essay Example for Free

The Relationship Between Macbeth and skirt Macbeth EssayThe relationship between a economise and wife is affected by their individual traits and affects their decisions together. This is exemplified by Macbeth and Lady Macbeth in Shakespeares conform to, Macbeth. Macbeths courage, ambition, and ambivalence combined with Lady Macbeths own ambition, cunning, and manipulative nature inter spot coiffe to culminate in the final decision at the end of Act I to murder Duncan.Macbeth is first introduced by the wounded captain as a brave warrior and valors minion when the captain reports to Duncan, For Brave Macbeth (well he deserves that name). / Disdaining Fortune (1.2.18-19). His ambition emerges after he hears the witches prophecies. He becomes willing to do any manner of gruesome act to gain the throne when he says, The Prince of Cumberland That is a step / on which I must fall down or else oerleap, / For in my way it lies (1.4.55-56) after he finds out Duncans son is heir and b etween him and the throne. Another of Macbeths traits, along with bravery and ambition, is his ambivalence. This is particularly obvious in scene 7 of Act I when Macbeth debates in a lengthy soliloquy whether he should kill Duncan. He lists reasons why he shouldnt commit the murder and a reason why he should, qualification his decision at the end known to Lady Macbeth We will proceed no further in this business (1.7.34). These qualities conflict with each other and Lady Macbeths traits as well throughout Act I.Lady Macbeth is a complicated character in that she has qualities perceived as masculine as when Macbeth says, Bring forth men-children only / For thy undaunted mettle should compose / Nothing but males (1.7.83-85) and yet we dont know what drives her unwavering decision to murder Duncan. Is she doing ti for her husband as she suggests when she says the gilded round, / Which fate and metaphysical aid doth seem ? To have thee crowned withal (1.5.31-33) or is she doing it for her own benefit to gain the privileges and luxuries of a queen of Scotland? Lady Macbeth is not only ambitious but sneaky enough to fulfill her ambitions as she shows when she advises Macbeth, Bear welcome in your eye, / Your hand, your tongue. Look like th innocent / flower, / just be the serpent under t (1.6.76-78).She follows her own advice when she greets Duncan as the humble servant with a smile andgracious words while she is secretly planning his murder. Another assumed unnatural quality in women of the time is Lady Macbeths ability to manipulate. She demonstrates this when she convinces Macbeth to murder Duncan even after he decided not to, when she says, When you durst do it, you were a man / And to be more than when you were, you would / Be so much more the man (1.7.56-58). Not only is she manipulating him, shes bullying him into the act by haughty his manhood. It is already insulting in todays society, but in Macbeths immensely patriarchal time, its all the more offens ive. Lady Macbeths qualities make her a catalyst in the play because of her effect on Macbeth.Macbeths traits vie for control throughout the act. His ambition makes him want the throne but bravery and chivalry as a servant of the tabby keeps him in check. This ambivalence allows him to be easily manipulated by Lady Macbeth. She is ambitious as well but cant do anything due to the restrictions of their society. Therefore, she uses her sneakiness to influence Macbeth to murder Duncan. By the end of Act I, Macbeth has undergone a huge change from being a brave and loyal servant of the king to a conniving, situation hungry killer. Macbeth eventually decides to kill Duncan because of his ambition, Lady Macbeths ambition, and her ability to get what she wants.Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. London Washington Square Press, 2003.

Ultrasonic Metal Testing Essay Example for Free

Ultrasonic Metal testing EssayUltrasonic examen refers to the use of sound energy of high frequency to conduct examinations and make measurements (Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing). This form of inspection may be utilize in the detection and evaluation of metal flaws measurement of dimensions and classification of materials among other things (Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing). It was in the year 1928 that a famous Soviet scientist by the name of Sergei Y. Sokolov proposed and demonstrated at the V. I. Ulvanov Electrotechnical Institute a through-transmission technique for detecting flaws in metals (Early History of Metal shortcoming Detectors). Although necessary technology was free at the time, Sokolov proposed that this technique could be applied in the detection of irregularities in unhurts. In Germany during the early 1930s, Sokolovs proposal was taken seriously enough to bring extensive experimentation on the detection of flaws in metals. O Muhlhauser, i n the year 1933, patented a method for the transmission of supersonic energy into the solid or metal being tested. This system allowed ultrasonic energy to examine the solid or metal using two transducers (Early History of Metal Flaw Detectors).Ultrasonic metal testing has been useful in industrial applications since the 1940s. Based on the laws of physics governing the spread of sound waves of high frequencies through solids, ultrasonic metal testing helps in the detection of cracks that may be hidden, in addition to porosity, voids and other kinds of internal discontinuities in metals (General universe to Ultrasonic Testing). Ceramics, plastics, and composites may be similarly tested using ultrasonic systems. Ultrasonic testing also allows easy measurement of thickness as well analysis of material properties.Most importantly, ultrasonic metal testing is entirely safe and nondestructive (General Introduction to Ultrasonic Testing).ReferencesBasic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing. NDT Resource Center. Retrieved Dec 14, 2007, from http//www. ndt-ed. org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Ultrasonics/Introduction/description. htm. Early History of Metal Flaw Detectors. Retrieved Dec 14, 2007, from http//www. ob- ultrasound. net/ndt. html. General Introduction to Ultrasonic Testing. Olympus. Retrieved Dec 14, 2007, from http//www. olympusndt. com/en/ndt-tutorials/intro/ut/.

A House to Remember Essay Example for Free

A Ho commit to Remember EssayI pull in moved in and out of many houses throughout the years, but none of them were as important to me as the house in which I grew up. I must(prenominal) admit that this house, although enormous, was neither the nicest nor the most comfortable house, yet my nostalgic nature has propelled me to treasure that house above all others. Having parted it for almost ten years, some details of the house are out of my grasp. The memory of the house now stands as a symbol of my childhood. It is the only place that I remember nil but pure happiness, suffused with youthful innocence and carefree laughter that would never fade.The front footstep of the house was a vacant space with a huge concrete sink conspicuously imposed in one corner. Grandma used to stand upon the red brick pavement in front of this sink either morning cleaning vegetables for meals, washing clothes from the day before, or scrubbing pots and bowls in soapy water. When grandma was doin g her chores at the sink, I would stagger into the yard with my undersize green wooden chair dragging behind, set it a hardly a(prenominal) feet from grandma, sit down and watch her hands maneuver among the items with fascinated eyes. every now and then, along the clanks of hardware, some bubbles struggled free of gravity and rose into the air. That was when I would routinely utter an excited yelp and kick back my chair to imitate the bubbles, which reflected sunlight more colorfully than crystal balls in the cheerful crisp mornings. If I were lucky, grandma would give me a little basin with water and a few drops of dish soap in which to play with.The procedure was always the same I lowered my face almost to the surface of the water, intently stared at the spreading yellow solution without a blink, as if to hurry the process. As soon as the solution faded into the water, I shoved my hands into the basin and gave the water a fanatic stir, laughing,panting, as shiny bubbles magica lly foamed in the entire basin. Most of the time, I could scoop up the bubbles with both hands and blow at them as hard as I could. The aftermath was predictable, bubbles were everywhere in the air, on the ground and over my face. At this point, grandma would turn around to look at me with feigned solemnity. After helping me wipe soap away from my face, she retreated into the house to prepare lunch, while I sat alone in the yard, reflexion bubbles pop in a hurried manner. The refreshing lemony scent of the soap lingered in the air long after the bubbles were gone.Around noon, the hunger disturb in my stomach and the delicious smell of food from kitchen attracted each other equivalent opposite sides of a magnet. Without knowing, I was already tripping over the steep threshold that led to the living room. The living room was the dominant structure of this ancient house. It was profusely furnished with mahogany antiques that had carvings of dragons, phoenixes and other traditional Chinese symbols on it signifying its venerable history. The room itself was equally old the whitewash on the walls was starting to peel, the red paint on the wooden doors appeared rather flaky. I would usually let on at the giant gate of the living room to peel off a few flakes of paint from its already-marred surface. But the need to go to the kitchen appeared more urgent to me at that moment. The kitchen was a moderately sized cubicle positioned at the rear of the living room. Squares of tidy white tiles covered its lower half of walls and floor.The kitchen counter and the stoves were line up against the inner side of the wall. It seemed to me that grandma always had something cooking on the stoves, thus constantly diffusing the house with a faint yet amiable aroma. The counter was home to a wide-ranging collection of kitchen utensils from plain enamel bowls to elegant porcelain plates, from iron woks to stainless steel pots, all of which had found their upright place on the counter and lined up haughtily. The most repulsive piece was the pressure cooker, but for some reason grandma loved to use it. I remember countless times when I watched in awe at this strange apparatus restlessly ejecting streams of white vapor from a revolving dense knob, while making incessant hissing sounds, loud and repelling, as if foretelling some imminent danger.Lunch was held at the little round table put in the center of the kitchen. Usually, grandma would be at the table as I entered the room, kitting, strings of wool ascending tirelessly out of a basket near her feet as she skillfully transformed them into garments. While I climbed into a chair next to her, she would lay down her needlework atop the colorful balls of wool and start transporting plates of food to the table under my anticipatory watch.As soon as my bowl of rice arrived, I would launch a ravenous clap into the foods chopsticks clicked hungrily amongst the different dishes as I mounted palatable delicaci es on top of my steamed rice. In contrast, grandma ate her meal with suaveness she had told me rules like dont eat with your mouth open dont make noises when you eat, but they were luckily never enforced (at least non then). Slow down, she would say benignly, watching me munch on my mouthful. I would mumble something in reply, but kept on devouring my favorites. Despite all these, my avarice still had its payback on me, I was never able to finish all the foods I hoarded in my bowl, thus by the end of each meal, I could find myself begging for grandmas pardon.Im so full. I whined, stave searching for traces of relent on grandmas face.You shouldnt waste food, the farmers worked hard for those. Grandma said sternly.I wont next time, I promise.Alright then, just go chance on your nap.Upon the hearing of this acquittal, I slipped out of my customized tall chair at once and started to scurry to the master bedroom, which was located on the left side of the living room, a few feet from t he dinning table. Once inside the bedroom, I immediately approached the main attraction an old 18-inch colored TV that was placed on a tarnished cabinet. With great eagerness, I reached my arms upward and stretched my body to its fullest extent my fingertips fumbled among a row of smooth buttons. Finally, I feltthe round indent I was looking for and pressed it laboriously. loudly voices from the TV suddenly filled the entire room I slouched heavily into grandmas oversized bed with relief and gasped for air, as if I had finished racing with a neighboring kid. But a minute later, I was already comfortably reclining against the bedrail and enjoying the exuberant cartoons. I would stare for a long time at this little black box with uttermost attention until sleepiness prevailed. The images were no more than blobs of colors and the voices were reduced into a vague humming sound as I slowly drifted into a deep sleep.When I woke up again, the fierce afternoon sunlight has softened into a tinge of warm orange. I could hear noises in the living room as my parents and grandpa returned from work. With a sudden jolt, I swung myself out of bed and wobbled hastily into the living room. There, everyone was already seated around the large dining table. Still a bit hazy from sleep, I found myself a spot between my parents, snuggled against them obsequiously in order to chance trinkets they have brought me. Dinner soon ensued I played with my new toys heartily as the adults chatted and joked, occasionally laughing along with them at some jokes that I could not then comprehend. Congenial happiness was written on everyones face, which shined brightly under the white florescent lightThe house has vanished among the tides of citys reconstruction, but the reminiscence I have of it provide never fade. I envisioned my mind as a vast coastal beach passing time would hide pieces of my memories like fine littoral over beautiful shell. Although they can be temporarily out of my reach , I knew they were out there, somewhere hidden, and waiting for a tide to reveal them to their righteous owner.

Characteristics of problems

Characteristics of line of worksCharacteristics of ProblemsDetermining the type of difficulty to be solved is take upicularly difficult. From the scientific point of hatful it has not been treated sufficiently yet. It is, nevertheless, of fundamental importance because it covers the whole knit stitch of creativity, and the job solver(s) trial-and-error conduct is contingent on the type of conundrum. What is a problem? This question was asked and answered by Karl Duncker (1945). Duncker, who was a Gestalt psychologist, defined a problem in these words A problem arises when a backing organism has a goal but does not know how this goal is to be reached. This definition is, no doubt, very useful, because creativity line of works and activities always strive to acknowledgment a problem. Yet, Dunckers definition and formulation poses these caveats It is necessary to distinguish between a assess and a problem. It is the subjects level of domain knowledge, including his abili ty to find minded(p) knowledge, if necessary, that makes the contravention between the both. A task set by a researcher or experimenter may be a problem to certain subjects and no problem to others. A problem may vanish or be stubborn if the subject changes his goal. A problem does not exist de facto, unless the subject observes discrepancies between his flow power and the goals he pursues.Reitman (1965) proposed that problems be viewed as ternion-comp nonpargonilnt entities, having an initial invoke, a final (goal) enunciate, and a set of processes that facilitate reaching the goal, starting from the initial utter. Minski (1961) proposed a tone between two types of problems, those that concord to the nature of the conditions of acceptability of ascendents are either well defined or ill-defined. A problem satisfying Reitmans conditions (Reitman, 1965) is a so-called well-defined problem it back be solved by applying a systematic procedure that makes it potential t o decide whether a proposed answer is correct or not. It means that it is totally decidable all pertinent solutions offer be evaluated strictly use one binary variable right or wrong. The solution can then be described as an all-or-nothing phenomenon. There are no intermediate solutions between the functional and non-functional ones. In world-wide terms, any tests for which at that place exists a rigorous method of comparison between what is proposed and what is infallible is a well-defined problem.Examples of well-defined problems are board games, problems in mathematics, or problems in logic. They may be very difficult to resolve, nevertheless. Taking mans limited resources, psychologists face the task of informing how human beings manage to solve problems in chess, mathematics or geometry within reasonable time. unclear problems are those that are not well-defined. They result in a multitude of solutions that cannot be classified by using a binary truth-value, but by usi ng a relative qualitative scale. The response to a requirement gum olibanum allows grades, the determination of which is left to the referees. The majority of problems occurring in everyday smell are ill-defined problems the improvement on an objective or an apparatus, a modern use of what already is known, the search for a sales idea or a marketing idea, etc.Ill-defined problems arise when some components of the problems statement, in the sense of Reitman, are unspecified, or are vague or fuzzy. The definedness of problems varies in degree (Reitman, 1965, Ch. 5). For instance, catch a little flower and bake bread for these people, which is vague in terms of the quantity of flower and the number of people, but specifies clearly the method bake. some other statement may run similar this Let us overcome the certain economic crisis. This statement does not specify the method what should be make to overcome the crisis? Do not just hang around, maximize something is an exhortatio n taken from a cartoon, in which both the initial state, the method and the goal are shrouded in a mental fog. Ill-defined problems are more common than are well-defined problems, but it is all the more difficult to explain how to confront them.It is worth noting that Minskis postulate does not necessarily cover the distinction between problem resolving power and creativity. For instance, the discovery of a new algorithm, or a new combination of known algorithms, is a creative act. But well-defined problems in the sense of Minsky may lead to an op military capability between algorithmic procedures and illative procedures. As for the ill-defined problems, Reitman (1964) proposed a typology of six classes of problems comprising the transformation or generation of states, objects, or collections of objects. This taxonomy is not presented as a universal tool covering the whole theater of operations of creative situations, but simply as a general organise making it manageable to co llect the whackingst number possible of the creative situations. This attempt at systemization has mainly a descriptive value, but it is not unlikely that it could also be used for deducing hypotheses related to the behavior of effectual solutions.Reitmans work is based on the introduction of the following three concepts let A be an initial state or object (one which is judge to under(a)go transformation, modification, complementing, improvement, etc.) and let B be a final state or object (the solution to be obtained, elimination of problem). Let the symbol denote a process, program, or sequence of operations. It is past possible to represent a large number of problematic situations pcting from these three symbols by representing them by a general vector A, B, . Using these three concepts, six types of naughtily defined problems can be distinguished. Type I. The initial and terminal states A and B are well specified the germane(predicate) data are known and the requirements to be satisfied are explained precisely. The problem then consists in discovering the process that makes it possible to pass from the well-specified state A to a well-specified state B. For instance how can a given function be incorporated in a particularised device? This type seems to cover a large class of problem situations.Type II. The terminal state B is less precisely specified than in the previous type, while A is left all in all at the discretion of the experimenter. In fact, nothing is said about the state, object or assembly of objects from which to part. The initial material is largely undetermined and admits only one constraint to aid in constituting the one possible solution. For instance what should be done to make traveling by train more pleasurable? Here, obviously, the current state represents some level of train travel comfort or pleasure, and this should be increased. But what barely is to be achieved is an open question.Type III. The initial state A consists in this case of an assembly of constituent parts each of which represents a concrete entity, while B represents a state or object to be achieved which is defined vaguely and is characterized by the fact that one or several of constituent parts of A throw off lost their separate identities later on reaching B. Reitman cites as an example Napoleons cook who was charged with the task to make a good dish B to celebrate the victory at Marengo using only available ingredients A. This type is undoubtedly less general than the preceding ones. Type IV. A and B are presented as consisting of sub-components and are rather poorly defined. This type differs from type II in that in the latter case there are no restrictions imposed on search, dissimilar analogous paths, and different associative paths the exploration of which can be relatively fruitful. In type IV it is not like that. The distinction between sub-components provides constraints within which the problem solution has to take place . The research is, in other words, more strictly restrained than it is in the problems of type II.Type V. The initial state A is given by reference to a well defined object, the final state B is given by a set of similarities and dissimilarities with respect to A. An example given by Reitman to illustrate this type is the following manufacturer of some equipment encounters a serious competition from -companys product. The first company, , decides to change the design of the product in point to shot a price that is lower for a comparable quality than what its competitor asks. The task thus does not necessarily require an entirely new manufacturing process, because the added make up of the new process would not help to slash the price according to original estimates. Besides, the modification moldiness be implemented fast because the competing product already is in the market while -companys sales decrease with each passing day. The exigencies of this example illustrate the genera l type V product as a new device that must be functionally similar to the old version but must be cheaper.Type VI. In this case, the final state B is well specified while the initial state A remains essentially empty, unstructured and largely undetermined. Characteristic examples cited by Reitman comprise to explain a new phenomenon, discover an alibi for a criminal deed, etc. This type differs from type II in the degree of precision of the task. It is thus possible to distinguish among six categories of poorly defined problems resorting to almost formal properties of their application. A research activity the results of which would show that these categories incite heuristically different behavior on the part of individuals and groupings still has to be accomplished. A relevant taxonomy establishes first some ordering, i.e. introduces some logic in the pertinent knowledge field. For this answer the taxonomy distributes the phenomena or the entities considered according to their r elevant characteristics, with no ambiguity involved. It appears that, in general, each taxonomy displays at least two different utility values First of all, the taxonomy presents a reference value that provides a framework for a certain subset of the universe. The information already available about the elements of this subset thus cease to be fragmented and simply accumulated in the subsequence they are ordered with respect to one some other. They can be integrated and complemented. Fragmented knowledge thus becomes systematic. This knowledge also represents an operational or heuristic value of the taxonomy in point. This value becomes apparent when the taxonomy leads to empirical research in order to validate its structure, its principle and its extent, or to uncover which variables of the taxonomy can be expected and unified. In the case of problem solution and creativity research, one can try to establish some correspondence between certain types of tasks with certain behav ioral phenomena, particularly those of psycholinguistic nature. The first problem differentiation might take into consideration the different objective properties of problemsThe problem is algorithmic it can be resolved using an ordered sequence of specific operations. It allows, in this sense, a truly coordinated division of labor, and is particularly suitable for groups with the centralized communication structure. The problem is inferential it can be visualized by means of trees, but the process of generalization of the trees cannot be decomposed into concatenated elementary operations. A homogeneous structure is, however, more appropriate. It can be seen that groups facing a specific situation adopt spontaneously the optimum organization to respond to this situation.Most authors, however, confuse resorted to local dichotomies based on a multitude of imprecise criteria. The straightforward problem typologies are the following Verbal and non-verbal tasks. Verbal tasks are suppose d to mobilize important cultural accept and imply the use of specific functions or hypothetic factors. Non-verbal tasks are symbolic, or in other ways dependent on non-verbal perceptions. Intellectual and manipulation-dependent tasks. In bright tasks, the principal operator is the brain. Manipulation-dependent problems require a coordination of the brain and muscular factors. Unique-solution and multiple-solutions tasks. Then there are problems having a unique solution and problems having multiple solutions. The totality of distinctions pertinent to a particular solution domain cannot be generalized, because their underlying criteria are too coarse and do not allow more than just a very summary control of the situation. Shaws propertyal analysisIn an attempt to present various aspects of group tasks in a systematic manner, Shaw (1963) collected a very eclectic set of 104 statements mostly taken from experimental literature. The statements relate to both ill-defined and well-defi ned problems, to verbally and non-verbally formulated tasks, etc. These various statements were evaluated according to six a priori defined dimensions, which can be visualized as continuously varying intervals in which each task occupies a point. The six dimensions are characterized in the following manner Requirements of cooperation. This dimension permits to define the degree to which it is required that members of the group act in a coordinated manner to complete the task successfully. It is thus a measure of dependence between the goal and the coordinated activity of the subjects. Verifiability of the decision. It is the degree to which the rightness or adequacy of the solution can be proved, either by reference to an authority, or by logical procedures (usually a mathematical proof), or by feedback (for instance by examining the consequences of the decision taken). Difficulty. This is defined by Shaw abstractly as the quantity of effort necessary for executing the task. Spec ifically, an indicator of difficulty can be the time required for solution, the number of errors made, etc. limpidity of purpose. This denotes the degree of precision with which the requirements of the task are presented to members of the group, and how the members perceive the requirements. numerosity of approaches to the goal. This dimension expresses the more or less great possibility to resolve the problem by various procedures. It is thus a matter of possible paths to the solution, i.e. of the number of alternative solutions. Relationship between mental and motor requirements. A task that only requires the murder of intellectual activities will be among the strongest on this dimension. Conversely, tasks requiring only motor abilities will be among the weakest. A task requiring both intellectual and motor activities occupies an intermediate position between the two extremes.Intrinsic interest. Problems are not equally attractive, i.e. they do not mobilize the same motivation. T his dimension is thus assigned the degree to which a particular task appears interesting to the subjects.Operational requirements. This dimension was introduced to evaluate the number of different kinds of operations, knowledge or abilities required for the completion of the task. Familiarity within the population. Individuals might have had a previous experience of the task in point, either direct or by means of an analogous task. This dimension thus evaluates the relative tenuity of a class of problems to a population.Multiplicity of solutions. It is the number of different correct solutions for the problem in point. That number can in general be evaluated exactly in a well-defined problem, but not if the estimate is very intuitive.This family of dimensions is intended to cover the maximum of traits occurring in every heuristic situation. Certain dimensions thus relate to formal properties of the task, for instance numbers 2, 5, or 10, while others, e.g. numbers 7 and 9 refer dir ect to the consequences of applying a particular semantics (second level of determination). forty-nine referees, mostly graduate students of psychology, got the task of distributing the 104 sample tasks according to the 10 dimensions shown above. Eight positions or degrees ordered by their magnitude were defined. The judgments were consistent, except for the dimension clarity of purpose.With these data, Shaw got two factor analyses that resulted in disclosing five significant factors for task analysisDifficulty, (factor I), the quantity of required effort displays a close relationship to the number of operations, knowledge, and required abilities for solving the problem. The forth dimension, the clarity of purpose is equally an important aspect of difficulty the less clear the goal is, the more difficult is the task judged to be. Multiplicity of solutions (factor II) is a complex dimension that relates both to the number of acceptable solutions, to the diversity of paths leading to the solutions, and to the verifiability of a solution. Shaw thinks that the essential aspect is the number of solutions, while the other two merely are its consequences. While there are several solutions available, there also are several ways how to reach them. Proving the adequacy of each solution rigorously is hardly possible.Cooperation requirements (factor III) correspond exactly to the dimension of the same name. The degree of completing a task successfully implies a coordinated action on the part of group members.The relationship between intellectual requirements motor requirements (factor IV) constitutes no doubt an independent dimension. But it only shows a very weak correlativity with the familiarity with the task within the population. Familiarity in the population is considered a separate dimension for the same reason. Nevertheless, it is necessary to point out that the familiarity seems relatively irrelevant, at least under the particular conditions of this work, where the majority of the tasks were somehow familiar to the subjects.Intrinsic interest (factor V), which corresponds to the intensity of motivation and the attraction exerted by the problem on the group members, too, is a dimension permeated with factor II.The first three of the six dimensions obtained finally seem to be both the most important and the least ambiguous ones. It is of course possible, as Shaw himself notes, that there are other dimensions, equally important, which continued research could bring forth. This first attempt will make it possible largely to control the principal components of the situation that comes into being as a problem to be solved is given to the subjects. This is the only condition under which accumulation of experimental data in this field can be transformed into scientific knowledge.Categorization by Roby and LanzettaRoby and Lanzetta (1958) proposed a model intended to define and highlight the most important characteristics of a group task. For this purpose, they distinguish four sets of events occurring in the functioning of any group task systema. A set Tiof task input data. Here belong, for instance, the formulation of the problem to be solved and of the material it implies.b. A correlative set Giof initial activities of the group. These comprise, among others, waiting times, observation, data recording, communication associated with input variables, etc.c. A set violate outputs produced by the group. In the creative process these comprise the traces of the heuristic process and solution suggestions.d. A set Toof environmental changes following from the groups activities.Roby and Lanzetta define three general types of properties Descriptive aspects, including the qualitative nature of various events, their number, and metric properties. Distribution of the events in the space or by relation to other events. Functional aspects of events, i.e. their temporal fact as a function of foregoing events (sequential analysis).Each set of events, Ti, Gi, Go and To, can be studied and related to according to these three types of properties. In opening at least, it is possible to characterize any group task, and in particular any creative situation, using a double-entry table for 12 cases.This is the formal equipment of the descriptive system of group tasks proposed by Roby and Lanzetta. In an abstract analysis, however, this representation does not make the understanding of a truly psychological meaning of a specific task possible. This remark led the authors to propose a complementary notion of critical exigencies. This concept was introduced to cover the fact that each task requires certain behavior on the part of the group to be correctly executed, and calls for certain specific types of activities to be carried out. The implementation of these requirements should thus help to reduce the discontinuity mentioned between the structural properties of the task and the psychological or psychosocial phenomena gen erated by its handling. It is a different manner of contrasting the general and the particular. In a way, this is what was above called the second level of determination.Roby and Lanzettas objective was not to put forward a theory permitting to characterize the problems rigorously, but rather to present a table for the analysis of systems of group tasks. Their framework thus permits theoretically to classify any task parting from the values relevant to the task in the 12 boxes of the analysis table, but it does not make it possible to classify the types of tasks using a specific corpus of formal properties. Thus, Roby and Lanzetta did not forge a typological tool, but, rather, a descriptive tool the general purpose of which is institute precisely in the fact that the tool is deemed able to adapt itself to any task. The goal of their work was not to distribute the generalized variable task structure on an arbitrary scale, but rather to find a set of invariant characteristics that w ould make it possible to situate the various problems that appear in the life of a working group. Creative problems constitute in this context evidently merely a special case. It follows that the effort to determine the invariants of the analysis is probably of finis importance and should complement any typological effort.Finally, an adequate taxonomy of poorly defined problems must comprise a meta-linguistic analysis of their formulation in the natural language it must be possible to establish a rigorous correspondence between a formal type and the multitude of its verbal expressions or concretizations and, in parallel, part from a specific semantics to reach a logical class it illustrates. Roqutte (1975) sketches the first attempt in this respect.Psychologists studying the ways people solve problem have adopted a reasonable strategy. They study how people handle seemingly well-defined problems, and then apply theprocedure to the study of ill-defined tasks. In some instances short cuts to solving an ill-defined problem are possible seek a well-defined version of the same problem and try to solve it, or find a new definition of the problem. Defininition or interpretation of the problem is as important in tackling well-defined tasks as it is in working with ill-defined tasks. Adversary and non-adversary problemsThis is another distinction between problems. An adversary problem is one in which the problem solver is competing with a thinking opponent, or a seemingly thinking opponent, like a chess-playing computer. In non-adversary problems the battle goes between a thinking problem solver and inert problem features. The latter may be symbolic or real, but they do not react to what the problem solver does, in order to defeat him, and they do not care about what the human problem solver feels. Semantically rich and semantically impoverished problemsThis distinction seems to be increasing in importance. It was elaborated by Chi and his coworkers (1982). A problem i s semantically rich for the problem solver who brings a significant relevant knowledge to the problem. The opposite is true of semantically impoverished problems. As an example, consider a problem given to two problem solvers. For the domain expert it is a semantically rich problem, for the novice it is a semantically impoverished problem. This distinction thus expresses the problem-solvers view of the problem situation, or Shaws familiarity within the population.Most puzzles, IQ-tests, and the like, are semantically impoverished for most subjects. Much of psychological research has been focused on solving semantically impoverished puzzles of the non-adversary type. The semantically rich non-adversary tasks are increasing in importance. This category comprises most tasks in computer programming and in physics.